Glomerulus in women kidney

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Each kidney has one million glomeruli
The gross structure of the kidney cortex, Mark, cups and basins is a direct result of their fine structure. An important structure of the kidney is the nephron or renal corpusculum. Often found in the textbooks for the renal corpuscles, the term Malpighi. Of these glomeruli, which are all located in the renal medulla, has any human kidney about a million pieces. The renal corpuscles are spherical structures. They consist of a capsule (Bowman's capsule), an inner and an outer wall has. Invaginated into the Bowman's capsule is a fine Kapillarknäuel, the glomerulus is called.


Two systems interlock on
In the glomeruli, two systems interlock on: blood components are pressed out of the glomerulus in a piping system that ultimately eliminated in the urine. This "tube system" begins with the invagination of the Bowman's capsule, which narrows the urinary pole and passes into the Tubulusapparat the nephron. From there, the urine collection tubes in the renal pelvis and then slides into the ureter and bladder. It is subject to the first liquid is pressed out, referred to as primary urine, extensive changes.



For each nephron leads a small artery, the afferent. Their entrance into the Bowman's capsule is also known as Gefäßpol. The artery divides inside the Bowman's capsule in a specialized skein of fine blood vessels, the glomerulus is also called. This is again a laxative artery (vas efferent) of the leaves on the glomeruli also Gefäßpol. On Gefäßpol between the two incoming and outgoing vessels is a collection of special cells, called macula densa or juxtaglomerular apparatus frequently. The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the blood flow to the glomerulus and the filtration pressure. He is also the Hauptbildungsort of renin, a hormone that is important in regulating blood pressure.


Each drop of blood must every 4 minutes through the filter
The renal function like a filter. Continuously filtered them in a constant volume of blood. This means that every drop of blood that a man possesses, approximately every 4 minutes will be filtered. Total flows always about a quarter of the blood by the kidneys.


In the glomerulus, there are three different filters with different pore size. By the hydrostatic pressure (pressure exerted by the fluid on the vessel walls), the blood is pushed through these filters.

    The first filter consists of the endothelial cells that allow the fine vessels are lined in the glomerulus. The pores of the endothelial cells are so large that virtually all components of blood can pass through this filter, but the blood cells.
    The second filter consists of an additional membrane, the basement membrane. This basement membrane contains a negative electrical charge and keeps the blood components, which are also negatively charged, back in the blood vessel, true to the old rule "Same charges repel, unlike charges attract."
    The third filter consists of the so-called podocytes. These cells, which also are called foot cells are located in the inner wall of the Bowman's capsule. They have appendages that form always remains the same spaces. They prevent especially the passage of larger proteins.




Since there is a constant in the glomerulus blood pressure, all blood components are squeezed below the pore size from the blood. This filtrate, called the primary urine pours into the gap between the inner and the outer sheet of Bowman's capsule. The outflow of the renal corpuscles, which is called urinary pole lies opposite the Gefäßpol. There flows from the primary urine. He is an adult man is about 20 percent of the current flowing through the renal blood plasma. That is about 125 ml per minute or 180 liters per day. This amount of liquid is called the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). She has a very great diagnostic importance, because it reflects the functional ability of the kidneys.


The autoregulation of the kidney makes sure that in the renal corpuscles always the same blood pressure is maintained
The driving force is the filtering of the ruling in the Glomerulumgefäßen blood pressure. This blood pressure is usually always as high or low blood pressure as the physical. The blood pressure of the body is normally subject to typical fluctuations in the course of the day: In sleep it is lower than, for example during physical exertion or stress. Also, in certain diseases such as diabetes mellitus or hypertension, the blood pressure is elevated. For filtration in the glomeruli but a constant blood pressure is important. Therefore, the kidney's ability, the blood pressure has to adapt to their needs within them. This procedure is called autoregulation of the kidney.


Can be made narrower or wider and afferent blood vessels
The auto-regulation is carried out with the aid of pressure receptors that sit in the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the glomeruli. If you have high blood pressure, dilate the afferent arteries and thus ensure a constant blood pressure in the underlying vessels of the glomeruli. If blood pressure is too low, the glomerulus of outgoing vessels are too close together. This increases blood pressure in the glomerulus to the desired value.


Normal blood pressure fluctuations do not affect the kidneys
In this way, fluctuations remain in systolic blood pressure between 80-180 mmHg without major effects on the kidney filtration processes. In addition, the kidneys due to their sensitive pressure sensors monitor the blood pressure continuously and intervene in regulating fluctuations (cf. blood pressure regulation of renal)

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